Sudan: Social Inequality, the Fight for NaturalResources, Civil War Ess

Sudan: Social Inequality, the Fight for NaturalResources, Civil War Ethics of Development in a Global Environment: War& Peace Fighting between the Muslim government in Khartoumand Christian rebel forces located in southern Sudan has long been ignored.This struggle has caused nothing but devastation and depravation for in theregion. More than two millionpeople have died as a result of the conflict, including many innocent civilians. In addition, extremely valuableresources that would surely benefit the entire global economy, are beingneglected and the with the minimized benefits only helping a few . As is the case in most if not all civilwars power is what each side is struggling over. .The north and south werejoined for no good reason and their religious and cultural differences haveadded fuel to their dispute. Since the conflict began in 1983, the re-appearanceof war between Northern and Southern Sudan has generally been interpreted as atypical ethno-religious conflict deriving from differences between Muslims andChristians, or Arabs and Africans. While this categorization had served as anaccurate description of the earlier manifestation of this conflict in the 1950s,it is widely believed that the nature of the conflict has evolved. Though classifying this war as anethno-religious one still has some bearing on how the war is being conductedand perceived, the main reasons for fighting definitely transcend race andreligion to a certain extent. Conflicts are processes, not static events,and over the last three decades the developments in the Sudan have graduallyand consistently changed the nature of the conflict from being a classicethno-religious conflict. This warnow mainly focuses on the seizure of the area... ...ths of over two million. If the U.S. wants to get to the oil it is imperative theydeal with the humanitarian crisis and avoid the foreign policy mistakes theyhave made in the past. [1] SudanA Political And Military History:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/analysis/84927.stm [2] Ibid [3] Sudan A Political And Military History:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/analysis/84927.stm! [4] Why Doesnt The World Act?:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/analysis/84985.stm [5] Suliman, Mohamed. Civil War In Sudan: The Impact OfEcological Degradation. [6] Bussiness and Human Rights:http://www.business-humanrights.org/Sudan.htm [7] U.S. Warns Khartoum over attacks:http://news.bbc.co.uk./2/hi/africa/1859987.stm [8] U.S. Warns Khartoum over attacks:http://news.bbc.co.uk./2/hi/africa/1859987.stm [9]http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/jan-june99/sudan.html

Dettol Soap

Dettol Soap Introduction Dettol Antiseptic Liquid Disinfectant is the name of commercial liquid and solid antiseptic products belonging to a household product line manufactured by Reckitt Benckiser. The traditional liquid product is a light yellow colour, but becomes milky white when diluted in water. This diluted mixture can be used to clean cuts etc. The active ingredient which defines its unique antiseptic property is an aromatic chemical compound known as chloroxylenol (C8H9ClO). This makes up 4. % of Dettol's total mixture,[1] with the rest composed of pine oil, isopropanol, castor oil soap, caramel, and water. Because several of the ingredients are insoluble in water, Dettol produces a white emulsion of oil droplets when diluted during use. Diluted Dettol can also be used to treat acne[2] in small quantities, but it must not come into contact with eyes, mouth, or nasal passage[citation needed]. Its topical application is a remedy for boils (skin abscess). [citation needed] Like other household cleaners, Dettol is poisonous and should not be ingested.In an extreme case, a forty-two-year-old British man died from Dettol overexposure in May 2007. [3] The company ran a controversial advertising campaign where it claimed that your toilet seat was cleaner than kitchen work surfaces. It was forced to withdraw the campaign. In Australia, the use of Dettol in a spray bottle is used to combat Cane Toads, as spraying the disinfectant kills the toads quickly. Dettol has been a highly reputable producer of hygiene products in the UK for numerous years. They are a company that takes great pride in the accomplishments and achievements that they have made.With numerous products working for both them and the customers that use them they have made great strides in keeping hygiene in the home and office around the country. Dettol handwash is a very common product that can be found filling many of the soap dispensers in restaurants, schools and even hospitals in this country . The Dettol antiseptic liquid can also be found in many of these areas. Both work well in keeping the harmful bacteria that infects people at bay, and thus reduces the amount of germs that are spread to others.People that access these products should be sure to follow the directions on how to use them properly if they are to get the full benefits of these products. If this is done then you can rest easy knowing that the harmful germs and bacteria are being cleansed from the areas that had come into contact with. STRATEGIES AND OBJECTIVES Reckitt Benckiser's objective is to generate above industry average profitable growth by: †¢ Focusing on building the power brands in high growth categories †¢ Geographic expansion of the portfolio †¢ Continuous innovation Higher investment in brand building †¢ Margin expansion and cash conversion to fund reinvestment in core brands and to grow returns to shareholders. †¢ Selective add-on acquisitions DETTOL PRODUCTS Dettol soaps Dettol liquid Dettol hand wash Dettol Prickly powder Dettol multi purpose cleaner Which includes dishwasher, floor mopping liquid, washroom cleaner, kitchen cleaner I have chosen Dettol Soap MARKETING STRATEGY SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Soap is a major consumer item and there is a huge demand and potential in this market particularly the anti – bacterial segment.The anti bacterial market segment has grown year on year by more than 7 % percent due to increased consumer awareness and education on the benefits of anti-bacterial soaps. As a result, the pie is growing bigger every year. Some uncontrollable situational factors that are faced by the Reckitt Benckiser Pakistan and Dettol soap are as follows, †¢Demand: Although the demand for Reckitt Benckiser products is very high but when we talk about the demand of the Dettol soap the demand is growing in the antibacterial category.The market share of Dettolsoap is more than 10 % in Pakistan out of the Rs 11 billion soap mark et. †¢Competition: There was no direct competitor of Dettol soap at the time of launching but today; two brands are directly competing Dettol. Safeguard (P & G) and lifebuoy (Unilever) are direct competitors †¢Legal/political: these are the uncertainties that are extremely variable in the political conditions of Pakistan. Constant political instability does affect the company in terms of building new relations with new governments all the time. Social and Cultural factors: the company has to be very careful in the implementation of its promotional campaigns, since the social cultural environment of Pakistan is very conservative and any suggestive advertisements usually face a lot of negative reactions on the part of the consumer. †¢Other factors: like the government regulations and technological advancements have had no significant effect on the product and the company. MARKETING ANALYSISIn the mind of the consumer, anti-bacterial soap should have the following: A pro duct whose core function is to clean skin, making it softer and smoother, while leaving a feeling of freshness behind. Good perfume and foam combine to deliver this freshness experience. The key functional benefit is that it removes dirt, oiliness and other impurities from skin. Germs are not top-of-mind for the average consumer, but are a function of Dirt and disease. Research led us to know that consumers are largely unaware of the diverse nature of ‘jaraseem’.They just know that Germs (jaraseem) are the bad guys. They don’t know that there are different types of germs. Different antibacterial competitors are trying to own a higher ground by building on already present germ-kill equity. Like Dettol has given it’s slogan of â€Å"Dettol protects against a wide range of unseen germs, including bacteria and viruses† While safeguard is focusing on ‘Din Raat Lagataar Tahaffuz’ which is more powerful in the mind of the consumer. Lifebuoy is following the â€Å"germ buster’s† strategy. TARGET MARKETThe target market for Dettol soap is all households (primarily mothers) who can afford buying soap and who want to fulfill an everyday need (primarily bathing) that provides them and their family with a 100% anti-bacterial solution – complete protection from all germs/ bacteria and cleanliness from dirt / grime. MARKET DEMOGRAPHICS (GEOGRAPHIC, DEMOGRAPHICS, BEHAVIORAL FACTORS) The target markets analysis of Dettol soap is:- Geographic location Include almost all Urban; suburban; small town; and some rural areas of Pakistan Demographics Gender Male; female mainly mothersAge 18years to 45 years Socioeconomic status Mainly targeting middle class and upper middle class in urban and sub-urban areas – primarily cities and surrounding areas. Rural market penetration is limited and is primarily driven through indirect channels (e. g. Wholesale) Psychographics Young housewives and mothers who care about t he health and well being of their family. MARKET NEEDS (QUALITY CRAFTSMANSHIP, INNOVATIVE DESIGNS, CUSTOMER SERVICE) RB is conscious of the changing consumer needs and trends and is constantly conducting market research to assess opportunities and threats.Quality of the product is the number 1 priority as well as research on new variants. The next planned variant is Dettol Herbal soap. In addition, a new customer hotline has also been added to get instant feedback on product use, problems and activities. MARKET TRENDS The soap market has been most affected by the recent sky rocketing price of palm oil which is the primary ingredient of soap noodles. This has caused the average price of soap noodles to increase by 20% – 25 % forcing producers (also RB) to increase prices of their soap products by almost as much so as not to put excessive pressure on their margins.This will undoubtedly result in decrease in soap sales volumes (higher prices means less consumer off take) as well as disruption in the market due to several quoted prices of the same product available resulting in dissonance in the wholesale and retail markets as well as confusion in consumer buying decisions at the point of sale. MARKET GROWTH The overall soap market is growing by 10 % while the antibacterial segment is growing by 7%. Hence, there is a lot of potential in the market for growth and additional brand penetration and brand building.SWOT ANALYSIS THE STRENGTHS †¢ The brand’s Germ-kill heritage (brown liquid) is seen as strong and adds on trustworthiness (RTB) †¢ Excellent for treating skin irritations, cuts/bruises and seasonal applications †¢ Brand comes from a reputable (old) company †¢ Loyal following of ‘Original’ THE WEAKNESSES ?Not perceived as an ‘everyday soap’ due to: ?Smell – strongly associated with hospitals ?Is harsh on skin – makes skin dry ?Does not make satisfying lather ?Shape not user-friendly ?No awareness of variants No perceived as a dynamic, innovative and contemporary brand ? Low Top-of-Mind recall: Communication not engaging THE OPPORTUNITY ?Leverage the powerful brand equity associated with the Dettol Brand to make Dettol Soap an everyday use proposition. ? THE THREATS Other main players in the antibacterial soap category (Safeguard and Lifebuoy) have positioned their brands for everyday use against bacteria – Dettol soap positioning lacks that desired everyday benefit and experience! COMPETITION ANALYSISHere is a brief description about the antiseptic soap producing companies Dettol soap is a brand of Reckitt Benckiser Pak Ltd and it has been operating in Pakistan since 1999 after taking over from Reckitt & Colman. Market share of Dettol soap in the soap market is around 10% at the end of December 2007. The Dettol soap users have the perception that it is effective in germ kill with the medicinal smell of Dettolliquid which is used for Bruises & Cuts, Insect b ites, washing of clothes, Mopping of floors, Shaving, Bathing and Cleansing of skin and used mostly during summers.Its functional core need is incidental antibacterial. Safeguard ® is the No. 1 antibacterial soap worldwide; it is the only bar soap registered with the FDA. Safeguard is designed to provide excellent germ protection for the whole family. Safeguard, launched in 1995 by Procter & Gamble has set new standards for defining â€Å"health & hygiene† in Pakistan. It is an anti-bacterialsoap that provides germ protection for twice as long as ordinary soaps making it the doctors' number 1 recommended choice throughout the world.The market share of safeguard is the biggest in antiseptic soapcategory with 22 % share. Safeguard users have the perception that it is providing them with Continuous Germ Protection, Gentle on skin, Smells Good, has a easy to grasp shape and the functional needs portrayed is of an everyday soap with germ protection. Lifebuoy is one of Unilever's oldest brands. Lifebuoy Royal Disinfectant Soap was launched in 1894 as an affordable new product in the UK, to support people in their mission for better personal hygiene.Lifebuoysoap aims to provide affordable and accessible hygiene solutions that enable people to lead a life free from hygiene related worries, everywhere, regardless of the boundaries of nationality, religion and socio-economic status. Lifebuoy has a market share of 16 %. Lifebuoy users see the soap as a decent quality, affordable germ protection agent containing carbolic acid as its germ protection agent and its functional need portrays that it is an everyday soap with germ protection for the middle and lower middle class. OPPORTUNITY ANALYSISBased on the competitive analysis, Reckitt Benckiser found out that there are a lot of opportunities which will help the New Dettol soap capitalize a greater market share. New Dettol Soap’s ability to gain real consumer insights, to launch products and variants that c onsumers actually want, supported by insightful advertising that talks to consumers in their own language, are all vital elements, which will lead to success of Dettol and the New Dettol soap as a brand. †¢ Extensive Market Growth †¢ Market Penetration and Market Expansion. Achieving High Gross Margins †¢ High Customer Services and Satisfaction †¢ New Product Development and Entrepreneurship. PRODUCT OFFERING The product is offered in 5 variants (2 skus – 115 Gms and 70 Gms): †¢ Original: Contains essence of the Dettol antiseptic solution †¢ Skincare: Contains moisturizer for Skin care. †¢ Active: Contains Active cleaning agent for Active cleaning. †¢ Fresh: Contains Fresh scent for a Fresh feeling. †¢ Sensitive: Contains Skin-friendly ingredients for Sensitive skin. POSITIONING STRATEGY Positioning Against CompetitorDettol is positioned as a premium brand which the mother chooses for 100% protection against all germs and bacteria for her family. The mother of the family is the focal point for Dettol Soap positioning compared to Safeguard and Lifebuoy which focuses on children. Positioning In Relation To Product Attribute: The primary positioning vis a vis product attribute is that Dettol Soap has the essence of Dettol Solution, the no. 1 antiseptic brand in the world trusted by families everywhere for over a century – which its competitors do not posses. Hence, it is considered a premium brand in the anti-bacterial segment.Positioning by price and quality As Dettol is a premium brand, it is priced at a premium to its competitors (Safeguard and Lifebuoy). Being premium means there will be no compromise in quality as the link between price and quality exists and customer is always willing to pay more for perceived quality which in the case of Dettol soap, he/she does! MARKETING MIX STRATEGY PRICING STRATEGY Price v/s non price competition Dettol soap is priced at retail price of Rs. 38. 00 (115 gms) and Rs. 26. 00 (70 gms) which is at a premium of Rs 3 and Rs. 2 to its competition (Safeguard and Lifebuoy).Discounts and allowances RB give a special trade offer on Dettol Soap of 2% during the summer season so as to push to product into retail and an additional discount of 4 % to wholesalers to maximize loading in the channel and improved distribution when demand (consumer pull) is maximum. In addition, for the months of June to August – RB runs a special consumer promotion pack of three DettolSoaps (in one package) with a Rs. 19 price off on a purchase of three soap bars. Geographic pricing strategy In pricing the seller must consider the cost of shipping.There are different geographic strategies. But RB utilizes the uniform delivering pricing (the same delivering price quoted to all buyers regardless of their location) for Dettol Soap. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION FOR CONSUMER PRODUCT There are 2 primary channels of distribution for Dettol soap: Distributors and sub distributors: The company sells the products to its appointed distributors and sub distributors (+300 all over Pakistan) that are responsible for the distribution of pre-defined geographical areas who distribute it further to wholesalers and/or retailers.The retail distribution is further classified into TOP STORES (TSP’s) which include all the high profile outlets like al-fatah, HKB, Akbari stores etc and whole sale comprises of categories of diamond, gold and silver divided on the based on their average purchase per month and from here the product reaches the point of sale for the customer. Direct Delivery (Key Accounts) The company provides direct delivery to select large customers like institutional buyers of key accounts which sell directly to the consumer (in case of USC and CSD) or to small retailers / end-consumer (in case of MAKRO / METRO).INTENSITY OF DISTRIBUTION RB has an intensive distribution strategy of the product through its distributors that cover e very geographical area and who resell onwards to wholesalers and retailers. There is also direct delivery service to key accounts (USC, CSD, MAKRO &METRO). Every available channel is utilized for maximum distribution and coverage to all the hypermarkets, supermarkets, general stores, kiryana stores and medical stores. The company also has in place a RDF (rural development force) which is covering the rural areas and exploring new markets for potential market penetration.PRODUCT STRATEGY Consumer and biz product Dettol soap is a fast moving consumer product. Convenience good It is an essential good vis-a-vis it’s target market, which is all households (primarily mothers) who can afford buying soap and who want to fulfill an everyday need (primarily bathing) that provides them and their family with a 100% anti-bacterial solution – complete protection from all germs/ bacteria and cleanliness from dirt / grime. Product mix The five variants provide an ideal product mix in terms of consumer needs i. e.Original with Dettol Solution, Skincare with moisturizer, Active with active cleaning agent, fresh with fresh scent and Sensitive for sensitive skin. A new launch of Dettol Herbal Soap, which takes the tally of soaps to six variants. Unique Proposition that Dettol Herbal Soap has to offer is: â€Å"The fundamental idea is that ordinary beauty soaps only offer aspects of beauty but what healthy skin requires is both freedom from germs and the use of natural extracts; something only offered by Dettol Herbal Soapwhich provides not only Maximum Protection from germs but also contains Aloe Vera, Avocado oil and botanical extracts. Product line extension and uses The product is used primarily for showering / bathing but is also used for hand washing. A product line extension is Dettol Hand wash which is also available under the Dettol Brand. Product Life Cycle Since this is a Fast Moving Consumer Product, the average product life cycle of this product (if use d every day) is 30 days and 2 years if not in use (if stored in a cool and dry location). The brand is entering from growth to maturity. ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION STRATEGY COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF DETTOL SOAP Reposition Dettol soaps range as a preferred everyday use solution for the whole family† COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVES †¢ Announce new & improved Dettol soap. †¢ Protection against a wide range of unseen germs (including bacteria & viruses). †¢ Better experience (lather / perfume / feel-on-skin). †¢ Show all 5 variants of new Dettol soap. AGENCY SELECTION Almost 135 Advertising agencies exist in market but Reckitt Benckiser has selected Manhattan International Limited (MIL) Advertising Company because of their outstanding work in Pakistani market.BUDGET Dettol soap is a Rs 1 billion brand annually and so the marketing budget allocated to it approx 20 % of total Net revenue, not much resources have been allocated to Dettol soap marketing efforts due to its squeezed margins and close competition with other antibacterial soaps, it mainly derives its sales from the brand equity of Dettol liquid. MARKETING COMMUNICATION METHODOLOGIES This is a summary section. Give a brief overview of your advertising, consumer promotions, personal selling, sponsorship programs and database programs.Discuss the relative mix of each of these components and how you will integrate them together into seamless plan. This discussion should relate back to your Marketing Communication Objective and how these methodologies will help in accomplishing the objective. Different advertising rates of various media vehicles have been given in the appendix 1, 2, 3 and 4. ADVERTISING (TVC) Television is still the primary medium for advertising for Dettol soap, and print also forms a crucial part of the communications strategy. But increasingly campaigns are integrated across all these communication channels.All advertisements of Dettol soap are a blend of hard sell and sof t sell advertising, as all the Dettol soapadvertisements first show the ingredient it contains (Dettol Antiseptic solution) and then portray the emotional benefit for the user which revolves around the theme of a mother and children in which the mother is the one who makes her family use Dettol soap as she is one who decides what is best for her family in personal health, indicating that the target market of Dettol soap are the health conscious mother’s of young children. The main model used in almost all of the Dettol ad campaign is mahnoor baloch.When it comes to advertising, DETTOL prefers TV because of their philosophy that; â€Å"HEALTH AND HYGIENE ALWAYS COMES FIRST. † Thus TV is the best media, as you can show how Dettol soapkeeps you hygienically clean and protected and gives you daylong protection from body odour. Apart from this, in Pakistan, TV is a strong medium, it has highest reach. Thus a large part of advertising budget is focused on TV. Dettol soap spe nds around 60 % of the TV advertising budget on all channels with high rating points like PTV, PTV WORLD, GEO, ARY, INDUS VISION etc. Dettol soap advertises highly in summer season i. . mid of the year, as people prefer frequent washes in such seasons to keep hygienically clean and long lasting protection against body odour. MEDIA PLAN-TV Dettol has devised a well approached media plan which covers almost all of the major channels which are covered through high frequency spots on all (over 12 minutes per channel per day! ), with the Dettol soap ad showing in the headline news of geo and PTV. Cable branding has also been carried out two major cities, in Karachi – world call channel branding (72 spots/day) and in Lahore – cable spots (72 spots/day).CONSUMER PROMOTION Dettol soap also provides additional support by giving away various consumer promotions to provide the consumer with the extra value benefit. The consumer promotion introduced by Dettol soap was that on a pu rchase of three soaps the consumer will get a saving of Rs 19. The consumer promotion is as under. Another consumer promotion opportunity as a part of new product promotion and sampling effort has been carried out at METRO stores in Lahore and Islamabad where a free soap bar is being offered on a single purchase of the new product, Dettol MPC.INSTORE PLACEMENT STRATEGY Dettol soap has also planned an in-store placement strategy to promote and market their product so to have maximum visibility to the consumer; they have assigned dedicated shelves to the product and are also promoting their product in metro and makro aswell. Their placement strategy is mainly focused on O Place Dettol Soap next to Safeguard O Equal or more facing than Safeguard. O Place between Lux & Safeguard where Possible. O Build brand block wherever possible.

Summer. The Writing Heat is Off. Prepare for the Next Season

You might have noticed that the number of orders is heading down. It’s nothing out of the ordinary – the studying year is over. Surely, it doesn’t mean that you’ll have nothing to do the upcoming 2 months. Surely, not! Below we offer 6 great ideas how you can spend summer with a benefit. 1. Have rest You’ve deserved it. A couple of weeks will surely relieve the tension, let your head wander in the dream island, revive your imagination, let your brain digest the accumulated knowledge and skills. Have a lot of sleep, physical activity and communication. You will never get physical results of rest, but it will definitely repay you in full next fall. 2. Think over the blog posts When you are working on one of your projects, and simultaneously trying to bid on other projects, it’s quite difficult to allocate some time to write a blog post. Not only writing takes time, but also the efforts to come up with a decent topic. Usually, writers end up with a poorly written blog post, which normally has a negative effect rather than positive. So, to avoid such situations, think over the blog posts in advance. Make up a rough plan and prepare up to 5 posts, which you will be posting from time to time. 3. Educate yourself The world undergoes changes day after day. The knowledge mass adds up every single minute. It’s getting harder and harder to keep up. But you’ve got summer. It’s the perfect time! Read! Research! Analyze! Pick up the subject areas you are interested in, the ones you believe will be trendy next season. This will definitely add up some value to your writer’s profile. 4. Arrange all the mess Cluttered desk, cluttered disk C, lots of mess in your head. It’s time to clean up. Do spend several hours (or even days) sorting out the folders in your PC, papers all over your desk and thoughts all over your head. Once the territory is clean, you will be ready to absorb new knowledge and produce new masterpieces. 5. Analyze your writing Once everything is sorted out, it’s time to look through your writings. This time look at it skeptically, meticulously and tough. Don’t spare yourself! Criticize and make conclusions. 6. Update your ThePensters profile Surely, you have some new writing samples or skills added since the last time you modified your profile. Do update your profile with the achievements of the past. Style it up and be ready for a bulk of new orders next season!

Enterprenuer Notes - 6114 Words

Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, 4e (Barringer/Ireland) Chapter 1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship 1) GiftZip, the company profiled in the opening feature for Chapter 1, makes money via: A) payments from companies that offer gift cards for displaying their cards on the site B) the direct sale of gift cards displayed on its site C) monthly subscription fees D) online advertising E) earning an affiliate fee for gift card purchases that originate from its site Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Topic: Introduction to Entrepreneurship AACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role of entrepreneurs and small business 2) Which of the following was not a contributing factor to GiftZips early†¦show more content†¦According to the textbook, Netflix practices: A) tactical entrepreneurship B) corporate entrepreneurship C) strategic entrepreneurship D) business entrepreneurship E) enterprise entrepreneurship Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Topic: Introduction to Entrepreneurship AACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role of entrepreneurs and small business 9) The three primary reasons that people become entrepreneurs and start their own firms are to: A) gain prestige, realize financial rewards, and eliminate risk in their lives B) do what they were born to do, be their own boss, and gain prestige C) take big risks, be their own boss, and do what they were born to do D) be their own boss, pursue their own ideas, and realize financial rewards E) take advantage of government subsidies, pursue their own ideas, and realize financial rewards Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Topic: Introduction to Entrepreneurship AACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role of entrepreneurs and small business 10) According to the textbook, the number one reason that people become entrepreneurs is to: A) realize financial rewards B) gain prestige C) be their own boss D) continue a family tradition E) pursue their own ideas Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 Topic: Introduction to Entrepreneurship AACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role ofShow MoreRelatedRole of Commercial Banks in Poverty Aleviation in Tanzania6314 Words   |  26 PagesDue to the declining level of the public sector, the role of commercial banks in promoting economic growth and development, offering increased employment and reducing income disparities has been widely recognised. In Tanzania, micro and Small Enterprenuers contribute 12% and 34% of rural and urban employment respectively as well as up to 32% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Recognising the importance of financial services to small enterpreneurs, during the year 2000 the government of TanzaniaRead MoreCredit Appraisal20118 Words   |  81 Pagesof  inventory and reasonable thereof, ability to absorb the cost of  carrying such inventory and comparison of the other similar  units in the industry shall be relied upon to decide the required and acceptable level for being supported by the bank Note: * Bills negotiated under L/C’s: As working capital requirements for the same are assessed separately, receivables under L/C need not be included in the current assets. Similarly, bank borrowings under bills purchased/negotiated

Honor in Much Ado About Nothing Essay - 656 Words

Throughout the history of the world, honor has been an important part of life. In literature, as well, honor plays an important role in many plots and the development of almost any character. Shakespeare’s play Much Ado About Nothing is no exception. In this comedy about love and marriage, honor is revealed as the primary reason for many of the actions taken by several different characters. When Claudio breaks off his wedding with Hero, he does it because he believes she is not chastised as she claims to be and in being such, she would dishonor him as well as her father if the marriage were to proceed as planned. The play is an accurate depiction of the honor code and the different standards for men and women of the time in regards to†¦show more content†¦Her honor is disgraced for her â€Å"actions† and Claudio will no longer accept her as his wife because of the dishonor she has caused him. Shakespeare uses both Claudio and Leonato to represent the males of the time and the honor code they were held to. Claudio is in no way held to the same pre-marital expectations as Hero, which, at the time, was the case for all men. For instance, when Hero is accused of being with a man prior to her marriage, no one questions what man and, quite frankly, no one cares what man. Shakespeare also shows how men are judged and given honor based on how their women act. When Leonato learns of the accusations his daughter receives on her wedding day he scolds her and says, â€Å"Wherefore? Why doth not every living thing Cry shame upon he? Could she here deny The story that is printed in her blood? Do not live, Hero; do not open thine eyes†¦ Why had I not with charitable hand Took up a beggar’s issue at my gates, Who smirched thus and mired with infamy, I might have said, ‘no part of it is mine; This shame derives itself from unknown lions’†? 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This play showsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing Essay1971 Words   |  8 PagesTransition in Much Ado About Nothing William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing, a comedy filled with differences between genders, witty banter between memorable characters Benedick and Beatrice, a plot of revenge that involves one character faking her death and let’s not forget the masquerade marriage that comes to readers at the end. Much Ado About Nothing, court politics while still maintain a profound amount of humor and wit. However, it is the honor and shame that is prominent in Much Ado About NothingRead More Much Ado About Nothing - A Feminist Perspective of Hero Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesA Feminist Perspective of Hero in Much Ado About Nothing  Ã‚     Ã‚   Unlike the title of this piece suggests, Hero did not undergo her transformation in Much Ado About Nothing through magic.   Rather, Hero was a victim of the double standards and illogical fears that the men of Shakespeare’s plays commonly held.   The following quote sums it up quite well:   In the plays female sexuality is not expressed variously through courtship, pregnancy, childbearing, and remarriage, as it is in the periodRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing3289 Words   |  14 Pagesat heart and ethereal to the rigid and formal. The title, Much Ado About Nothing, is one such title that fits very neatly into his light at heart category. However this doesn t mean that the title doesn t reflect the story as in Shakespeare s other plays. His light at heart stories have titles that are just as reflective as his more serious titles. The title is an obvious indicator of the story that is told within. A story full of nothing doesn’t sound very entertaining though, so how would ShakespeareRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing By William Shakespeare843 Words   |  4 Pages In the play Much Ado About Nothing, the theme of scandalous accusations, dishonesty, and its effects take a major role throughout the entirety of the play. However, the effects o n a person’s honor vary hugely depending on the sex of the person. For a male, a jab at his honor is an insult, and most likely will result in an all out defense of his integrity in an effort to regain it. A woman, however, suffers far greater consequences. Her honor is based increasingly on her innocence (celibacy)

Zara case free essay sample

Inditex, founded by Amancio Ortega, operates six different chains: Zara, Massimo Dutti, PullBear, Bershka, Stradivarius, and Oysho. Zara is a leading apparel chain with major dominance in Spain. Zara being responsible for around 80% of Inditex’s gross profits is critical for Inditex’s growth. Currently, Zara is facing a convoluted problem of growth expansion both within and outside Spain. Within Spain, growth options for Zara seem limited owing to the already saturated market. Zara however has placed its foot in the Italian market (which it finds particularly lucrative owing to the fashion-forward Italian market) through a joint venture with Percassi and plans to add around 70 stores in the next decade. Other options for entry could be USA, Asia and other parts of Europe. The analyses focus on Zara’s business model and competitive advantages and depicts how it impact’s Zara’s growth. Vertical integration, delayed production, just-in-time manufacturing, and proactive design teams are some of the key features in Zara’s business model which makes Zara a competitive brand. With such peculiarities in its business model Zara has been able to maintain low failure rates as well as manage high operating efficiencies as compared to some of its competitors in Spain. Harnessing the Quick Response (QR) technique quite remarkably, Zara has drastically reduced its cycle times with minimal bullwhip effects. As a global apparel firm, Inditex’s main development strategy for international expansion is to become the sole or majority shareholder. However, for small or culturally different markets, it extended franchising agreements to leading local retail companies. For countries with large barriers to entry and an appealing customer base, Inditex created joint ventures with the possibility of later buying out its partner. Despite the different approaches used to enter into the international market, Zara has shown that there is no impediment to sharing a single fashion culture. It can be concluded that, with such valuable set of resources and capabilities which Zara possesses, it makes sense to grow into markets in which Zara can exploit its capabilities to the fullest. The move into the Italian market fits perfectly into Zara’s paradigm of effective Quick Response and is a laudable one. Also, entry into United States of America should rather be avoided at this stage as the American market is relatively backward as compared to fashion and Zara won’t be able to do justice to its capabilities as they could be rendered useless. Thus in order to undergo a sustainable growth, Zara should focus on partnering in geographies where its capabilities are complemented. Introduction In general, fashion apparel has highly volatile demand with high margins for the ‘in demand’ fashion products and heavy markdowns for ‘out of demand’ (outdated) products. Life cycles are short and unpredictable. It is a very tough job to predict what will be in trend and its demand. On the scale of functional-innovation products, fashion apparel is clearly on innovation end of spectrum. For an innovative product like fashion clothing, it is very important to provide the correct product variety not in terms of the number of options but more so in terms of the correct fashion. The efficiency considerations of the physical function are secondary to the above. Suppliers need to be chosen for their speed and flexibility and not just costs. It is important to decide where to position inventory in the supply chain to hedge against changing tastes and obsolescence. Reaction time to changes in demand pattern has to be swift. The correct response to an innovative product is therefore a responsive supply chain. The fashion apparel however also has the added dimension of being highly labour Demand Uncertainty Low High intensive especially when it comes to stitching. As per Lee’s Supply Low Zara framework, the demand is uncertain but supply is largely Uncertainty High certain and there is little variation to be expected in the supply of commodities like zippers, undyed cloth and buttons. Zara’s business model Zara’s business model is unique. In this analysis we tried to bring together the different features that actually make their business model unique. Distinctive Features of Zara’s business model 1. Just-in-time manufacturing system: Zara invested heavily in manufacturing logistics and IT and focused on development of internal manufacturing system for its fashion-sensitive products (40%). It also went for vertical integration of its production which helped it to supply new designs in about 4-5 weeks and restocking within 2 weeks. This was much better than industry standard of 6 months for design and 3 months for manufacturing. (Pg 9) 2. Delayed production: Since it has very less cycle time, Zara is able to delay much of its design, purchase and production decisions till the season has started as compared to traditional retailers. This way it is able to adjust to the latest trends of the season and come out with better suited products (Pg 9 and Exhibit 13 More about this in ‘vertical integration’ section) 3. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses: Zara’s SGA costs amount to only 20% of revenues whereas others maintain relatively higher costs. The only competitor to have cycle times close to Zara, i. e. , World Co. , has 40% of revenues allocated to these costs. 4. Design: Designers, product development personnel and store managers work in great coordination with each other. The Zara’s design teams continuously track customer preferences and use this information about sales potential based on a consumption information system to transmit repeat orders and new designs to internal and external suppliers. The design teams are bridged merchandising and the back end of the production process. Out of all designs, only those designs went into production for which consumer responses were positive. This way failure rates for the products was as low as 1% as compared to industry standard of 10%. (Pg 10) 5. Distribution: Zara followed its own centralized distribution system with main 400,000 m2 facility in Artexico and smaller satellite centres in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. Zara has also started to schedule shipments by time zone. Due to one single location of centralized distribution facility, Zara faced diseconomies of scale. Hence it opened another facility near Madrid with well connected air, rail and road networks. (Pg 11-12) 6. Merchandising and media advertising: Zara with its high turnaround created a feel of freshness and scarcity in the stock material. This lures customers to buy at the earliest possible. This also results in low marked down inventory (for Zara it was around 15-20% as compared to European average of 3040%). Also much of the focus was given on the ambience of the stores. Stores were chosen in prime locations and were refurbished every 3-4 years to give new and fresh look. Zara also spent just 0. 3% of its revenues on media advertising as compared to 3-4% by others. This was done so as to create an atmosphere of exclusivity in the market and to avoid overexposure. (Pg 13-14) 7. Pricing: Prices, determined centrally, were lower than competitor’s for comparable products in the market. They were able to maintain this competitive edge in the market and have good percentage margins as they had efficiencies in the supply chain and their marketing and markdown requirements were low. 8. International market: Zara had rapid expansion during the period 1999-2001 wherein it opened chains in 24 countries as compared one country per year from 1992 to 1997. In comparison, HM added just 8 countries from 1980s to 2001. Zara laid focus on market costs rather than own costs for forecasting the prices in a particular market in consideration. This gave them a better idea of the issues and potential in the local markets and they were able to assess market profitability better than their competitors. For market entry, Zara initially used company-owned stores only but as the business expanded with limited resources, it also used the other two modes of expansion, i. e. , joint ventures and franchises. While franchises were used in less risky countries, JVs were used in the markets where barriers to entry were higher. (Pg 15) 9. Marketing: In general, all the countries had similar business arrangements but few local variations were allowed to capture regional aspirations. Zara opened first flagship store in a country and after gaining some experience expanded its span in that country and nearby countries. The international pricing differed from country to country based on the brand positioning and people’s capacity to buy in that country. This way, Zara was able to maximize its profitability while targeting correct market segments. (Pg 17-18) Comparing Zara with the average retailer with similar prices From exhibit 5 we can see that Zara and HM have comparable prices (Appendix B has detailed calculations) Comparing Zara one-on-one with HM, we can infer following points: a. Although asset turnover of HM is higher than Zara, Zara has higher sales to current assets ratio. This implies that Zara has highly mobile revenue system and it is efficient in utilizing its assets to generate revenues. The reason for low asset turnover is that HM outsources its entire production and therefore has much lower level of fixed Metric HM Inditex Zara assets. Asset turnover 2. 0 1. 2 1. 2 Sales to current assets ratio 2. 9 3. 8 3. 8 b. Similarly, though ROA of HM is higher than Zara, Zara is much higher than HM in ROA 18. 9 13. 1 15. 5 terms of operating and net margins. This Operating margins 13. 8 21. 7 21. 7 indicates that Zara’s process in much more Net margins 9. 7 10. 5 12. 4 Average Sales / store 5. 5 2. 5 4. 9 efficient than HM’s. -3 Average Sales / square metre (*10 ) 4. 61 4. 92 9. 51 c. Due to large sizes of the stores of HM, average sales/store is higher for them but if we look at average sales/ square metres Zara again takes a lead over HM. From the above points, we can easily conclude that Zara is more operationally efficient than its competitor in similar price category. Comparing the average retailer and Zara on the basis of sales price, manufacturing costs, advertising nd mark downs: Manufacturing Costs: From Exhibit 3, Zara’s cost of manufacturing is 20% more than Asia (=1. 2*29. 09=34. 9). Zara manufactures 40% in house, another 40% in Europe and 20% in Asia. The manufacturing mix of the average retailer varies around 0 to 40% in Europe and rest from Asia. Media Advertising Costs: Only 0. 3% of Zara’s revenue is spent on media advertising compared with 3%-4% for most speciality retailers. Advertising is limited to the start of sales period at the end of the season in the case of Zara. Items % for Zara Amount % for Others Amount Manufactured in Spain 40% 42. 24 0% 42. 24 Manufactured in Asia 20% 29. 09 50% 29. 09 Manufactured in Europe and North America 40% 34. 91 50% 34. 91 Weighted average 36. 68 32. 00 Sales Price (twice the manufacturing cost) 73. 35 73. 35 Advertising Costs 0. 30% 0. 22 3% 2. 20 SGA Costs 20% 14. 67 30% 22. 01 Profit 21. 79 17. 15 We can see that in the case Zara is profitable on a per item basis. Quick Response Policy QR policy is targeted towards improving coordination between retailing and manufacturing arms of the firm. The increased flexibility to market condition changes made QR policy the most sought after one in the apparel industry exposed to dynamic market conditions. The reduction in cycle time by implementing QR was tremendous. However certain geographical, functional and organisational changes were very much essential for harnessing QR which could help retailer forecast better, reorder frequently and probe the market. The table below depicts the how Zara undertook the changes as compared to World Co. Japan. Zara ? Integrated backward into domestic manufacturing ? Creative product development team which interacted with people across departments (sales, stores) frequently thus relying on high frequency information ? Proactive participation in study of customer demand through the information system present. ? Limited volumes of products (small) presented to customers to gauge preferences and use that information for bringing about changes if any in the subsequent batches. ? Product development personnel chosen from the country where they had to interact with stores. Impact: ? High flexibility in the supply chain ? Failure rates on new products for Zara were 1% as compared to 10% for the sector World Co. Japan ? Integrated backward into domestic manufacturing. ? Low emphasis on design. ? Japanese market relatively depressed than Europe hence probably there was less incentive to implement QR. Impact: ? Unnecessary administrative expenses impacting its revenues badly. ? Diminished net margins (2% of sales) as compared to Zara (10% of sales) Thus, it is evident that Zara’s proactive cross-functional working and effective use of high frequency information translating into reduced failure rates and posed a high competitive advantage. Vertical Integration Apparel industry is a characterized by a buyer-driven supply chain which needs to be more vertically integrated than producer-driven chains, because producer-driven chains are dominated by upstream manufacturers. However in apparel industry the downstream retailers play a very significant role. Zara is a vertically integrated company that owns different levels of the supply chain. From manufacturing to warehouse to retail outlets, Zara owns all of these different entities. This allows Zara to globally optimize instead of locally. This type of centralized decision making reduces the bullwhip effect on the overall supply chain. Information is also centralized allowing permeability amongst the different layers in the supply chain. Vertical integration is necessary for Zara if it wishes to continue with its highly responsive supply chain. (There is however an alternative of locking in highly trustworthy suppliers who can provide similar services. ) The efficient interactions between the retailing and the manufacturing arms (necessary for QR) have been possible for Zara because of its vertical integration. Because of the vertically integrated structure and one firm model they were able to carry out geographical, organizational and functional changes and were able to bring down the lead time from 6 months to about 6 weeks (Exhibit 4). Zara placed more emphasis on using backward vertical integration to be a very quick fashion follower. They were able to start with a new design and have finished goods in stores within 4 to 5 weeks and in 2 weeks for modifications (or restocking) of existing products. In comparison, the traditional industry model involved long cycles of up to 6 months for designing and 3 months for manufacturing. The shorter cycle time reduced the working capital intensity and facilitated continuous generation of new merchandise. It also allowed them to commit to bulk of its product line for a season much later than competitors (which was one of the main problems of the Sports Obermeyer Case). Thus, Zara undertook 35% of product design and purchases of raw material, 40%–50% of the purchases of finished products from external suppliers, and 85% of the in-house production after the season had started, compared with only 0%–20% in the case of traditional retailers (Pg 9). However, Zara’s vertical integration strategy is not entirely without its drawbacks. With having only few manufacturing facilities, Zara is unable to take advantage of economies of scale in order to produce a large amount of apparel for a relatively cheap unit price. Also, with Zara’s high replenishment rate of store selections, it needs to invest in highly flexible machinery and very skilled workforce in order to produce apparel in a quick and efficient manner. Production costs (machinery and labor) are relatively high for Zara’s supply chain compared to their competitors. Challenges Manufacturing and warehouse locations: Zara’s faces competition in its home market largely from HM which competes with Zara by providing lower prices with lesser variation. One of the biggest challenges for Zara is that they have concentrated everything right from their central warehouse, headquarters and factories in a corner of Europe in Galicia, Spain. This means that their costs and prices steadily increase as Zara moves further into Europe. Supporting this argument (Exhibit 15) the price of a Zara shirt shoots to 1. 5 times by the time it reached north Europe or Denmark. Germans are stated as being highly price conscious customers. A new firm in fashion apparel can utilize Germany as a base; follow Zara’s strategy of rapidly adapting to fashions and beat Zara heavily on prices. Germans are expensive as a labour force but one can then utilize cheaper locations in Eastern Europe like Poland which though not specified but are bound to be cheaper. This issue is also seen in Japan where they are bringing manufactured items from Spain even though China is next door and is a very low cost location. In any future expansion, they should look at setting up other hubs both within and outside Europe. Aggregation and transportation costs: Another problem is that they ship every item and receive all deliveries in their central warehouse in Arteixo. No strategy for bundling together demanded items has been described and with store deliveries every two weeks, transport costs will shoot up as distance increases making expansion of Zara unprofitable. Expansion into new markets is needed if Zara wishes to achieve the 20% revenue growth rate as the Spanish market which Zara is expected to dominate based on its location advantage, will saturate soon (HM could hit a high of 10% only in Sweden before declining). To achieve profitable revenue growth in other future hubs, Zara needs to recreate its Galician hub in other locations or break down the hub strategy and spread out production and distribution. Recommendations Inditex should focus its energy on its current chains, specifically Zara since this chain in particular is responsible for much of Inditex’s success. The move into the Italian market fits perfectly into Zara’s paradigm of effective Quick Response and is a laudable one. Also, entry into United States of America should rather be avoided at this stage as the American market is relatively backward as compared to fashion and Zara won’t be able to do justice to its capabilities as they could be rendered useless. Thus in order to undergo a sustainable growth, Zara should focus on partnering in geographies where its capabilities are complemented. Zara should also consider decentralising its manufacturing facility to locations located optimally from its new markets and consider places with low cost of manufacturing and labour (China and South Asia for Asian and European markets and Mexico for US market – if Inditex wants to still move into US market). Appendix 1: Apparel value chain (Source: Appelbaum and Gereffi (1994)) Appendix B: Detailed Computations HM Inditex Zara Gap Benetton Net Operating Revenues 4269. 0 3250. 0 2477. 0 15559. 0 2098. 0 COGS 2064. 0 1563. 0 1191. 2 10904. 0 1189. 0 Gross Margin 2205. 0 1687. 0 1285. 8 4656. 0 909. 0 Operating Expenses 1615. 0 982. 0 748. 4 4276. 0 624. 0 Operating Profits 590. 0 705. 0 537. 3 379. 0 286. 0 Non-operating Expenses -28. 0 209. 0 96. 3 108. 0 43. 0 Pre-tax Income 618. 0 496. 0 441. 0 272. 0 243. 0 Income Tax 206. 0 150. 0 133. 4 280. 0 92. 0 Minority Interests 0. 0 5. 0 0. 0 2. 0 Net Income 412. 0 341. 0 307. 6 -9. 0 148. 0 Current Assets 1468. 0 854. 0 650. 9 1468. 0 1558. 0 Assets 2183. 0 2605. 0 1985. 4 8566. 0 2821. 0 No. of stores 771. 0 1284. 0 507. 0 3097. 0 5456. 0 Avg. Store size in sq. mt. 1201. 0 514. 0 514. 0 632. 0 279. 0 Asset turnover 2. 0 1. 2 1. 2 1. 8 0. 7 Sales to current assets ratio 2. 9 3. 8 3. 8 10. 6 1. 3 ROA 18. 9 13. 1 15. 5 -0. 1 5. 2 Operating margins 13. 8 21. 7 21. 7 2. 4 13. 6 Net margins 9. 7 10. 5 12. 4 -0. 1 7. 1 Average Sales / store 5. 5 2. 5 4. 9 5. 0 0. 4 Average Sales / square metre (* 10^(-3)) 4. 61 4. 92 9. 51 7. 95 1. 38 Ratio of revenues Ratio of revenues

Loot Plot summary Essay Example

Loot Plot summary Paper The play begins in the afternoon in Mcleavys house. A coffin stands in the room. Mcleavy is on stage mourning his wifes death. Fay enters and begins the farce by being insensitive and inappropriate for the situation. Dealing with religion, sex and death; the first two pages sets the farcical scene. Fay suggests Mcleavy, after three days of being a widower, find a new wife. Fay describes someone like herself as the perfect candidate for Mcleavys second wife. Hal enters the room he opens a wardrobe and then re locks it. Mcleavy questions what is inside but Hal moves the topic of conversation along. Mcleavy leaves to look at a wreath. While Fay and Hal converse we learn of Hals illegal past and activities. Hal also introduces us to Dennis his friend who we meet later. Hal tells us he works for an Undertaker. Mcleavy re-enters and tells us of a bank robbery where thieves got away with a fortune. The bank is described as the one next to the Undertakers. The scene is setting out the story and the missing money is becoming the centre of concentration. Dennis arrives with the cars. We will write a custom essay sample on Loot Plot summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Loot Plot summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Loot Plot summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They ask about the damaged caused to the Undertakers in the robbery. Mcleavy and Fay leave the room and Hal and Dennis are left. Suspicions are proven to be right as Dennis explains to Hal the trouble hes had with the police. Hal reveals the plan of hiding the money in the coffin. Hal finds out Dennis has been having sex with Fay. Dennis tells Hal he would like to marry her, its the one thing I havent tried. Fay and Mcleavy re-enter the room. Fay places the ten commandments on the coffin because she was a great believer in some of them. Hal and Dennis lift the coffin and exit. Truscott then soon enters pretending to be attached to the metropolitan water board. Mcleavy is asked to go and find his water mains. Truscott acquires Fays handwriting, which he uses for evidence later on. Mcleavy enters and tells Truscott where the mains is, Truscott goes off to find it. Hal comes back and reports a flat tyre and therefore a delay of the funeral. Dennis enters and leaves with Mcleavy. Hal and Faye are left while they go to the funeral. She insists he opens the wardrobe where his mothers corpse is. She ask him what is in there and he admits straight away. She ask where the money is and he admits straight away. Fay gets in on the deal she demands her 33. 3% to help Hal get rid of the body. Fay undresses the body during the melee of this Truscotts shadow can be seen at the door. He knocks on the door. Hal cleans away the clothes and Fay lets him in. Truscott looks in the wardrobe but the body is elsewhere now. Truscott sees the body but believes it to be a dummy for a sewing exhibition. Truscott expects Hal of the robbery and tries to beat an answer out of him. Fay reports an accident and Mcleavy enters. There was a crash and the money has been brought back to the house. Mcleavy and Truscott leave to fetch an image of the pope. Dennis is told of Fays involvement he asks her to marry him. Truscott questions Dennis involvement and the act ends with Dennis hurrying out with the corpse and Truscott finding a glass eye on the floor. Truscott is examining the eye under a magnifying glass. Mcleavy and Fay enter. Truscott tries to explain something to Mcleavy when Hal and Dennis burst in with the corpse, Truscott still believes it is a dummy. Truscott explains he is a police officer. He explains he is not only looking for the robbers but the murderer of Mrs Leavy. Truscott finds a book called The trial of Phyllis Mcmahon. Nurse accused of murdering her patient He stares hard at Fay. He takes a page from the book. The page shows the killers handwriting and he matches it with the example he got from Fay earlier. Truscott cant prove anything and believes the eye he found was from the dummy. Mcleavy sees the eye and knows it is his wifes. Hal claims to of given it to Fay. Mcleavy opens the coffin to put the eye back, when he opens it he falls back as if to faint. The lid is replaced before Truscott sees inside. Finally the coffin breaks and money falls at Truscotts feet. Truscott is bribed with 25% of the money. Truscott then has Mcleavy arrested as he doesnt want in on the deal and wants Truscott arrested. The play ends with Fay finally accepting Dennis offer of marriage. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Geoffrey Chaucer section.